The Moral Implications of The Pardoner?s Tale and The Nun?s Priest?s T

During the Middle Ages, England was a nation in social chaos. Deception of every bod was rampart passim the lands. Many people felt that there was a great need for moral improvement in society. In Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales he clearly brings to coruscation his thoughts and concerns of ethical cleansing. No tale more fully expresses this idea than that of The Pard matchlessrs Tale and The Nuns Priests Tale. The excusers Tale suggests a profile of the Pardoner as a moral valet de chambre, a man of God. The narrator is viewed as a wise, gentle, and unbiased man who wants to touch his story in a respectful tone. His story reveals his message, which is that greed leads to destruction and the corruption of all things good. The Pardoner appears to have beliefs that are unchanging with the moral of the story. As he describes the journey of the three riders, he recognizes the evils of being greedy. For it was utterly the mans intent/ To kill them both and never to repent (255). He is perceived as a holy man who values truth and honesty. His tale describes the downfall in mans pride and arrogance. This is exhibit through the irony of the three riders as they seek Death, whom they find when they plot against each other for selfish reasons and kill one another. They fell on him and tailor him, two to oneHe took a bottle full of poison up/ And drank and his companion drank from it also and they both perished (256). The Pardoners prologue, however, reveals a man dedicated... The Moral Implications of The Pardoner?s Tale and The Nun?s Priest?s T During the Middle Ages, England was a nation in social chaos. Deception of every kind was rampart throughout the lands. Many people felt that there was a great need for moral improvement in society. In Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales he clearly brings to light his thoughts and concerns of ethical cleansing. No tale more fully expresses this idea than that of The Pardoners Tale and The Nuns Priests Tale. The Pardoners Tale suggests a profile of the Pardoner as a moral man, a man of God. The narrator is viewed as a wise, gentle, and truthful man who wants to share his story in a respectful tone. His story reveals his message, which is that greed leads to destruction and the corruption of all things good. The Pardoner appears to have beliefs that are consistent with the moral of the story. As he describes the journey of the three riders, he recognizes the evils of being greedy. For it was utterly the mans intent/ To kill them both and never to repent(255). He is perceived as a holy man who values truth and honesty. His tale describes the downfall in mans pride and arrogance. This is demonstrated through the irony of the three riders as they seek Death, whom they find when they plot against each other for selfish reasons and kill one another. They fell on him and slew him, two to oneHe took a bottle full of poison up/ And drank and his companion drank from it also and th ey both perished (256). The Pardoners prologue, however, reveals a man dedicated...

Politics and its affect on the olympics :: essays research papers

Politics is the art or science of government or governing, especially the governing of a political entity, such as a nation, and the administration and control of its internal and external affairs. The exceptional Games is an event held every 4 years, which includes a variety of gambol activities in which different countries compete against one another. Sport is frequently a tool of diplomacy. By sending delegations of athletes abroad, states can establish a first innovation for diplomatic relations or can more effectively maintain such relations (Espy 3). One might think that politics and the Olympics have secret code to do with each other, but in fact they do have a lot in common. How did politics affect the Olympic Games in 1936, 1968 and 1972? In 1934, the death of President Hindenburg of Germany removed the last remaining obstacle for Adolf Hitler to assume power. Soon thereafter, he declared himself President and Fuehrer, which means supreme leader. That was moreover the beginning of what would almost 12 years of Jewish persecution in Germany, mainly because of Hitlers hatred towards the Jews. It is difficult to doubt that Hitler genuinely feared and hated Jews. His whole institution was driven by an obsessive loathing of them (Hart-Davis 14). In 1935, the U.S. decided to attend the 36 Berlin games, even though the United States knew how Hitler was persecuting the Jews. By July 1933, at least(prenominal) 27,000 people had been placed in what Hitler liked to call detention camps (Hart-Davis 16). In early 1932 at an IOC meeting in Barcelona, the committee decided to grant Germany the right to the 1936 Olympic Games, which allowed Germany to restore their athletic reputation that they lost because of the outbreak of World War I. All over the world, there was an outcry to boycott or at least change the location of the 36 Olympics. The IOCs first response was that they had granted Germany the Olympic site before the Nazis came to power. All over Germa ny before the Olympic Games were signs that strike Juden Unerwunscht, or Jews not wanted. The racial discrimination- so obvious and deliberate- was more than some foreign sports organizations could stomach. Apart from being offensive to normal human beings, the Nazi location was also diametrically opposed to the principle of free competition on which the Olympics were supposed to based (Hart Davis 62). More than anywhere else, action against what was happening in Germany mount more quickly in the United States, especially in New York, where there were almost 2 million Jews living (Hart Davis 62).

Gene Therapy Essay -- Genetics Science Essays

Gene TherapyThe Human Genome Project began around 1986. The main goal of the switch is to locate and sequence all factors found in human DNA. The objectives for this ambitious effort are to learn more about(predicate) heredity of disease and to catch out the genes that would aid in gene therapy. Advances in gene therapy strive to treat hereditary diseases and possibly eliminate disease from the genome.The definition of gene therapy is the introduction of genes into real cells to prevent or cure a wide range of diseases (Jaroff, 1996). Gene therapy has two possibilities of disease treatment, somatic gene therapy and originline gene therapy. Somatic gene therapy involves the manipulation of gene expression in cells that will be corrective to the patient but not inherited to the next generation. Germline gene therapy involves the genetic modification of germ cells, which pass the change on to the next generation (Wilson, 1998). Somatic gene therapy is currently being researched m ore aggressively due to ethical and technical complications with germline gene therapy.Technical AspectsGene therapy began with the Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project has found gene locations for many diseases. Among the diseases that have been found Huntingtons disease, cystic fibrosis, ADA deficiency, and two genes for heart cancer are just a few examples. After a disease-causing gene is found, correcting it is the next logical step. This can be achieved through various methods. single of the first tested methods was to obtain the faulty gene from the patient, introduce the corrected gene into cells, and finally inject the altered cells back into a blood vessel. seam is taken from the affected individual to obtain cells with DNA carryi... ...imit our ability to adapt to ecological and environmental changes. In spite of this, I am enthusiastic about gene therapy. I want to live a healthy life and I want my children to be able to live happy, healthy lives. With gene t herapy, the go for of human cells to treat disease looks very promising. Who knows, by the time the environment does change, gene therapy may be so advanced that a simple jibe could make us adapt to this change.ReferencesElmer-Dewitt, Philip. The Genetic Revolution. Time. January 17, 1994. V 143. N 3. P (46-44).Grace, Eric S. Better Health Through Gene Therapy. The Futurist. Jan-Feb 1998. V 32. N 1. P (39-43).Jaroff, Leon. Keys to the Kingdom. Time. slip by 1996. V 148. N14. P (24-29).Wilson, Jim. The Institute for Human Gene Therapy. Obtained from the WWW November 1, 1998http//www.med.upenn.edu/ihgt/info/whatisgt.html

Panama History and Culture Essays -- Panama Historical Cultural Essays

Panama History and Culture The culture and political structures of Panama as we know it today has evolved from an incredibly diverse and interesting history. Geographically, Panama lies on an isthmus, a strip of land that essentially connects the greater landmasses of North and South America. It is believed that volcanic activity in the late Pliocene era closed the former Central American Seaway that had separated the two continents. The climatic implications of this landform are incredible, allowing for the redistribution of oceanic currents and the brass of the Gulf Stream of the Atlantic of today. The native populations of Panama include the Chibchan, Chocoan, and Cueva communities, and like the fates of many indigenous populations in a period of European colonization, they were dealt a short hand. In the early 1500s, Rodrigo de Bastidas from Spain became the first European to officially explore the Isthmus. Alonso de Ojeda and Diego de Nicuesa were granted permission to begin colonization shortly after, in 1509. Thus the first European colonies in Panama emerged, and the Spanish-influenced culture of Panama began to unfold. Many of the native populations chose to relocate to the surrounding islands, away from Spanish influence. Panama remained under Spanish control until the 1800s. In 1801, the Panamanian communities began the move toward independence. In November of 1821, General Jos de Fbrega met with the separatists in the Capitol, and the group called for a national assembly, in which representatives from every region in Panama came to muster on November 10th. At this assembly it was officially declared that Panama was severing its ties to the Spanish, and ... ...Health Perspectives, Vol. 109, Supplement 2. (May, 2001), pp. 191-198. Mndez, J. Ignacio. Azul y Rojo Panamas Independence in 1840. The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 60, No. 2. (May, 1980), pp. 269-293. Moreno, Stanley Heckadon. Impact of Development on the Panama Canal Environment. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol. 35, No. 3, Special Issue The Future of Panama and the Canal. (Autumn, 1993), pp. 129-149. Russell, Graham. Hurricane Mitch and homo Rights. Development and Practice, Vol. 9, No. 3. (May, 1999), pp.322-325. Weeks, John Zimbalist, Andrew. The Failure of Intervention in Panama Humiliation in the Backyard. Third World Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 1. (Jan., 1989), pp. 1-27. www.cnn.com (CNN Website) www.history.com (History Channel)

Watson and Crick Essay -- essays research papers fc

WATSON & CRICKThe article, Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, written by Watson and Crick, was a stepping stone on the path of discovery for the building blocks of life. In this article, Watson and Crick briefly state previous theories on the structure of DNA were incorrect in certain aspects but correct in others. Watson and Crick ulterior went on to describe their version of a double helical structured DNA. They indirectly state the importance of their discovery which later them to winning the noble prize. previous(prenominal) to this publication, there were at least two other theories on the structure of deoxyribose nucleic acid. The first theory was that the structure consisted of three intertwined chains, with the phosphates near the fiber axis, and the bases on the outside. (Watson and Crick, 4/2/53) This theory had been proposed by Pauling and Corey. Later a second theory was mentioned, but not very dwelled upon, in Watson and Cricks paper. Fraser had also suggested a triple wined chain. However, Fraser also suggested that the phosphates are on the outside and the bases on the inside, linked together by hydrogen bonds. (Watson and Crick, 4/2/53) Watson and Crick developed a double chained helix with the bases inside and the phosphates outside. By studying the Pauling and Corey theory, they discovered that where they had the phosphates and the bases were incorrectly placed...

Watson and Crick Essay -- essays research papers fc

WATSON & CRICKThe article, Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, written by Watson and hayrick, was a stepping stone on the path of breakthrough for the building blocks of life. In this article, Watson and Crick briefly state previous theories on the structure of DNA were incorrect in certain aspects but correct in others. Watson and Crick later went on to describe their version of a double helical structured DNA. They indirectly state the importance of their discovery which later them to agreeable the noble prize. Previous to this publication, there were at least two other theories on the structure of deoxyribose nucleic acid. The first theory was that the structure consisted of three intertwined chains, with the phosphates near the vulcanized fiber axis, and the bases on the outside. (Watson and Crick, 4/2/53) This theory had been proposed by Pauling and Corey. Later a second theory was mentioned, but not very dwelled upon, in Watson and Cricks paper. Fraser had also suggeste d a triple wined chain. However, Fraser also suggested that the phosphates are on the outside and the bases on the inside, linked together by hydrogen bonds. (Watson and Crick, 4/2/53) Watson and Crick developed a double chained helix with the bases inside and the phosphates outside. By studying the Pauling and Corey theory, they discovered that where they had the phosphates and the bases were incorrectly placed...

Language Usage in Huckleberry Finn

Jims dialogues, we can all the way see that he has troubles with English, he often makes grammatical and spelling errors. From this I concluded that Jim is almost probably uneducated, I do think that hes not stupid though because up to this point In the throw Mark Twain have showed how Jim uses his logic, for good example when Jim was arguing about Solomon, we can clearly see how he used his logic in criticizing the story. Therefore from the language Mark Twain uses we can encounter that Jim Is uneducated but hes not stupid although he book doesnt literally introduce so.Racism Mark Twain repeatedly used the word Niger In the book to describe how In the town where It took place, everyone uses the word Niger casually, from old ladles to Houck himself uses the word very casually. This shows how at that time, dark skinned people be very discriminated by the white. They are treated as slaves, up to the point where they will sell them in exchange for money. From the words that Mark Twain used in describing the society, we can clearly see that slavery and racism both re still an on going thing.If we compare this to today, it is completely different, people are now forbidden to say the word Niger and dark skinned people are way more respected. Faking Huckleberry Fins own death In the chapter in which Huckleberry Finn faked his own death, although Mark Twain didnt on the dot tell us what he was going to do, but we were able to conclude that he was up to something. Through the language that the author used to describe this march we can see that hes not stupid, he uses a lot of his logic.

Absolute Statement Fallacy

Reporter Fuentes, bloody shame Rose S. 6. Confusion of Absolute Statement this hallucination is committed when one argues from the loyalty of a general principle to the truth of specific case. The specific case may even be an exception the general law. Let us keep in mind, there atomic number 18 of all time exeptions to general principles. A linguistic universal principle is coined in view of normal and ordinary circumstances. But there may be exceptional conditions where the force of universal principle may be waived. Example To kill is morally criminal. (universal law) But in self-defense, one may kill. (specific case)Therefore, self defense is morally criminal. The result is an hinder conclusion, rendering the lineage fallacious. 7. Confusion of Qualified Statement this fallacy consists in concluding from the truth of a proposition which is good only under genuine circumstances of time, place, or condition to the truth of the same thing under all circumstances. Example So me Catholics are bad. But Mary and Joseph are Catholics Therefore, Mary and Joseph are bad. In the example, it is true that some Catholics are bad. But from this premise, one cannot conclude rashly that Mary and Joseph are bad just because they are Catholics.They are not necessarily included in the Some Catholics. They can be out of that group. One cannot conclude a universal truth from a particular truth. Ther is confusion of qualified statement. 8. Arguing Beside the Point (Ignoratio Elenchi) this fallacy is an argumentation that escapes the signal of issue, and instead resorts to some kind of alibi to prove or repel something. Actually it does not prove or disprove because the argument evades the question. It ignores the point of at issue, hence called ignoratio elenchi. This fallacy appears in different guises. a. production line Ad Hominem (appeal to the individual) the allacy evades the point of the issue and attacks the personality of the opponent. In truth, it is a bias ed argument, for it takes the char doer defects of the opponent instead of concentrating on the question. Example The Igorots are not real Filipinos because they live in the mountains. The argument is false because living in the mountains is taken as a reason to conclude that Igorots are not real Filipinos. Regardless of the place of residence, whether mountains or plains, or even in seas, as long as it is part of the Philippine territory and that the resident was born here, the Igorots remain as true Filipinos. . Argument ad Populum (appeal to the people) the fallacy employs an appeal to the passion of the people for their biased favors, evading the issue on question. Example The husband of the candidate is related to the governor, so let us vote for her. In the example, you will notice that the motives of the campaigners and voters are out of the regionalistic feelings and pity, respectively. Reasoning is out of place here. Instead of focusing on the qualities and abilities of th e candidate, the focus was on regionalism and compassion.The argument is fallacious in reasoning. c. Argumentum Ad Misericordiam (appeal to pity) the fallacious argument puts aside reason and resorts to pleading for mercy and compassion, which is emotional in nature. Example Let us keep a passing grade to Pedro because he has one leg . The fallacious statement has pity as the motivating factors of the argument. d. Argument Ad Verecundiam (appeal to respect/authority) the fallacy takes the status and the influence of the person as the point of argument putting aside the merit of the issue.Oftentimes the prestige and authority is invoked to justify or prove something. An chemical element of paternalism is present. Example Abortion is not immoral because the Secretary of Health says it so. The position of the health secretary is not outright moral guarantees to justify the immoral act of abortion. After all the health secretary is not an expert and authority in matters of morality. e. Argumentum Ad Baculum (appeal to might) physical force and moral pressure are resorted to in the argument a means to attain an end, again deviating from the real issue.The point is to scare or force people to accept or be convinced. In this context, reason is out of place hence, the argument is rendered fallacious. Example I go to school because my parents will scold me. While the statement contains some moral truths, strictly speaking, the real moral issue is overshadowed or missed. Scolding or fear of being scolded should not be the priority motive for going to school. Personal growth, development, and alter quality of living should be the dominating motivations in going to school.Similar essay Difference Between General Law and Special Law

Segmentation – a Brief Analysis of Facial Creams

The creative brief c. Look at the Sepals ad ND hypothecate backwards the positioning. assign 4 Debriefing Take the case of the client brief of ANT (National Authority for Tourism) and imagine that you are an account person and regulate all the questions that you would put to a client within a debriefing session in order to clarify yourself so that you can come up with a creative brief. Task 5 Communication channels Identify relevant communication channels for Avoidance Passport service and de exquisitely what would be the role of each one in a communication campaign aiming to increase subscription of this service.Task 1 Sony Triton- Formulate the Position rearward Target/need To mime, entertainment. _Sony_Trillion_ people that watch TV as a means of Information. Spending is the brand of TV sets competitive framework competing designed by Sony perceptual mostly with other brands counterclaiming TV sets, as wellspring as with other image- sharing equipment (videophones, recorder s, computers). That best satisfies your need brand benefit for brightness and clarity of the portrayed image The reason why is 1 .ART crystal-clear image at an affordable monetary value 2. ROW it is based on a technological innovation triton which is use specifically for a clearer and brighter image. I en Drank contracted Is reality. Brighter, clearer image , more(prenominal) vivid and resembling Competition a. Formulate the positioning of top 5 players on anti-aging face cream market as you can understand it from their communication in 2008 / 2009. B. Draw up 3 Briefing Look at the ad named Maxillae and imagine backwards the following a.Task 2 Anti-Aging Cream Formulate the Position Backwards The 5 brands which I will be discussing are Naive QUOI Plus anti-aging cream, based on commence QUOI for daily or night time usage. This is an anti-aging product, used by both males(Naive Men) and women, with both day and night time editions based on the same key ingredient commence QUO I, at an affordable price. carrefour Pop contains commence QUOI Given Power Youth cream designed for the first signs of aging , based on natural ingredients and for a smoother, more hydrate effect of the skin. This is a cream which most women use regularly, during day time.Consumer Pop natural ingredients La Prairie Anti-Aging Complex Cellular Intervention Cream advanced anti-aging cream, includes collagen in addition to retinal and hydroxyl acids to reduce the appearance of lines. A more luxurious product, with an estimated price of 200$/ ounce. Product Pop collagen addition, retinal and hydroxyl acids Task 2 Anti-Aging Cream Formulate the Position Backwards Erne Laszlo Timeless Skin Age anti-aging cream appropriate for all skin types. Minimizes under-eye disconsolation, reduces appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, eliminates cows feet and fine dry lines in eye zone.Formulated with Marine Collagen Complex and vitamins to reduce lines and signs of have on. A cream for ma ss- consumption. Consumer Pop marine natural ingredients to reduce lines caused by fatigue Clique Anti-Gravity Firming Lift Cream the cream lifts and firms up skin. Helps erase the looks of lines as it tightens. Renews elasticity by rebuilding natural collagen. Adds cushion into thinning skin done patent-pending technology. This is a cream witch women use mostly during night-time, at an affordable price. Product pop contains a self-registered formula designed to create a additional cushion into skin tangling Ana telling.Task 2 Anti-Aging Cream Naive QUOI Plus Target/need To modern, dynamic and always on the move women that seek a youthful and Jovial look in their skin tone and texture, approximately from 35-4 years old. Is the brand of skin-care, anti-wrinkles cream perceptual competitive framework omitting mostly with other brands counterclaiming skin _Naive QUOI Plus _ care products (creams, serums) , as well as with other products which aim at reducing the signs of aging natural or chemical substances, medical interventions, additional ways of achieving the same result (massage, a particular diet).

Guy de Maupassant’s “Old Mother Savage” Essay

We are all taught that our identicalness lies in the roles we play throughout life, in other words, in our actions. William Shakespeare wrote, All the realisms a stage / And all the men and women merely players. / They get hold of their exits and their entrances (As You Like It, II, vii). Whenever people act outside of their parts whenever we miss our entrance, our identity operator is challenged. This arouse be seen everyday in all walks of life and in all arenas. For example, a teen father who takes responsibility for his child is look upon with surprised marvel temporary hookup a teen mother is look up with distain for becoming pregnant in the first place. Placing standards and expectations upon people can be a vastly good thing, but what happens when those standards and expectations become too rigidto all consuming?Rigid, all-consuming, roles have been required of women since time remembered. Even in the twenty-first century, the career muliebrity is muted expected to m aintain a family. Gloria Steinhem puts it succinctly I have yet to hear a man ask for advice on how to combine conglutination and a career. Men are expected to place high priorities on their careers. The implication is that a man will receive less criticism for neglecting his family for his career, while a woman will be criticized sharply for having a career without also being an excellent wife and mother. Many of these identity feminine roles have been so inflexible that many women cannot break free in order to come upy the woman inside.When circumstances force them out of their traditional roles, they find themselves wondering, Who am I? What is my purpose? Guy de Maupassant in his short level Old Mother Savage (1885) depicts a classic example of this. His main character is a mother in German occupied France who is deprived of her identity roles i.e. wife and mother. Since she has nothing else to give her life purpose, she becomes homicidal and a bit suicidal. In this story, Ma upassant is lean that women who have uncompromising and limited identity roles can become violent to themselves and others.Maupassant paints a vivid picture of how nineteenth century countrywomen of France presented themselves to the world at large. The fibbers friend,Serval, describes her as not at all timidtall and gaunt, neither given to joking nor to being joked withthe men folk come in for a little fun at the inn, but the women are always very staid (p. 161). Victoire Simon, Old Mother Savage, is a kind, yet reclusive woman. She had erst offered the Maupassant wine when he passed by her cottage fifteen years earlier tired and thirsty an obvious kindness (p. 160), yet Serval, Maupassants friend who tells the story of Old Mother Savage, implies that a staid attitude is normal for the women of the area.Maupassant presents his readers with a woman who has been taught very specific actions for conduct. She dresses so that her tightly boundgrey hairs-breadth is never seen in publ ic. She was taught duty and never learned how to stretch her mouth in laughter. By the time Maupassants readers meet Victoire, her identity is irrevocably tied to playing the duties of wife and mother. Just like all the other wives of the region, she is nothing without the duties of either wife and/or mother.Victoire has her identity challenged thrice. The first challenge occurres many years in the beginning when the father, an old poacher, had been shot by gendarmes police (p. 160). This provides a serious blow to her wife identity but she buries the lose because after all half her identity is still intactshe is still a mother. The role of mother is more prevalent than that of wife since, she cannot control the actions and their consequences of her husband. He, to some extent, failed in his role of husband and father by getting caught at poaching and subsequently shot for the offense. Victoire, on the other hand, is still around to actualize all the motherly duties of keeping a h ome, preparedness meals, and mending clothes, which she does religiously.The second challenge to her identity comes when war is declared and her word of honor, now thirty-three, goes to fight in the Franco- Prussian War. Victoire is alone. She knows her duty but has no one to per figure it for save for herself. Her life consists of going to the village once a week, to buy herself bread and a little meat then get back home at once (p. 161). She does only what is necessary to keep herself alive until she can resume her duty as mother. In her mind there is nothing else for herno talk with the village ladies no sewing a new garment for herself no cups of tea with aneighbor. Her world ceases to function without her duty to her son.The death stroke to her identity began with the arrival of the Prussians. She is required to billet four of the occupying German soldiers, since she was known to be well off (p. 161). These young men, about(predicate) the same age as her son would clean up the kitchen, scrub the flagstones, chop wood, peel potatoes, wash the house-linendo, in fact, all the housework, as four good sons might do for their mother (p. 161). She would counterfeit and mend for them, as a good mother would do. She still had a purposeto be a mother even if it was to surrogate sons. For a month these soldiers are sons not enemies then she receives word that her son has been killed in the war.Suddenly, her world is shattered without her son she has lost her last shred of purpose. The gendarmes had killed the father, the Prussians had killed the sonand sustaining fill her heart (p. 162). With her husband buried for years, her son dead she has no identity and consequently no purpose in life. Within moments, she plans a special form of revengenot only will others suffer as she has, not only will someone die for to avenge her son, but she will be sure to die in consequence of her actions.Suddenly, the four German sons become four German soldiersthe enemy. Simpl e folk dont go in for the luxuries of patriotic hatredthe poor and lowlypay the heaviest pricetheir masses are killed off wholesale (p. 162). Ones like these German soldiers billeting in her home hit her boy. It is quite possible that she would have assumed a German mother was caring for her son like she was caring for the German men. She is, after all, a bare(a) folk, who would not have much knowledge of the intricacies of war beyond the billeting of the German soldiers. Therefore, not only did German soldiers kill her son, but also a German mother failed in her duty toward her son. Through a carefully executed plan conceived in the brief afternoon of discovering the fate of her son, Victoire kills the soldiers. She burns her cottage to the ground with the soldiers trapped inside. When the German Officer asks her how the fire started, she said, I lighted it, myself. She tooktwo papers from her pocket.Thats about Victors her son death. Thats their names, so that you can write to t heir homes. Tell them the German mothers how it happened, and tell them it was I whodid it, Victoire Simon, that they call the Savage. Dont forget. In order to ease her grief, she wanted other mothers to suffer as much as she was suffering. She knew she would be shot for her actions she was probably counting on it. She could easily have lied. She could have told the German Officer just about any excuse, but she didnt. What did she have to live for? She had no purpose for living without her husband and son. Her society, by placing limited and ridged identity roles on its women, robbed her of the ability to discover an identity within herself separate from family. Therefore, she did the only thing she could dotake revenge on the closest target and be sure she did not operate the experience.Maupassant, in five short pages, presents a compelling argument for the avoidance of limiting women with restrictive identity roles. Disastrous consequences are all too apt(predicate) to result fr om their removal. Consequences that go beyond the death of four soldiers and their murder, the narrators friend Serval had his chateau burned down by the Prussians due to Victoires actions. If her identity had been broaderif she knew herself outside of societal-imposed roles, she then may have had something to cling toa purpose in life rather than a kamikaze plan of revenge.

A day I will remember for the rest of my life! – Creative Writing

My name is John and I am a sane 15 year old boy attending school. I have a mother and a pay off, Susan and Jack and whizz sister c exclusivelyed Molly. I conceit we were all just a normal family and that nothing exciting or extra ordinary ever happens to people like us however I was wrong, very wrong.Well it all happened along time ago on one Monday afternoon, I was just threw the door home from school on my birth as usual until five thirty. But as soon I had closed the door there was a knock on the door, so I went to answer but the man behind the door did not look familiar to me, I had never seen him forward. He asked me was my mother or father at home and I told him that they were both still at work and would not be home until after 5 thirty. Next thing I chouse the man is pointing a gun at my head and disunites me to move into the house.I was so scared I had never even seen a gun before never mind getting one pointed at me knowing that if I say one wrong thing to the man all he has to do is pull the trigger and that would be the end of me. The man then began to tie me up to the chair and began to talk to me he told me that all I had to do was custody liquid and not say a word, he told me that he did not want me he wanted my father. I then began to think to myself wherefore would anybody count barging into our house with a gun looking for my father but before I could even finish thinking about it he began to tell me why he wanted my father.Do you know who your father works for he express and I told him yes, he works for the g everywherenment, he is a scientist The man began to tell me how wrong I was about my father Your protoactinium is a scientist, thats true, but did you know that your dad is one of the best in the world? Did you know that your dad is working for the NWDF? The NWDF I said to him conf utilize Yes he said the THE NUCLEAR WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT FORCE and did you know that your father has recently just designed one of the most soph isticated and most deadly weapon ever dreamed about? In theory it is so deadly that if it was ever to be used it would wipe out the entire planet within a matter of hours I was stunned I didnt know what to think and then.. my father walked threw the door, and to his awe he seen a man with a gun but the difference this time was that my father knew the man.Edward my father said in amazement, What in the name of divinity fudge do you think you are doing I am doing what I should have done along time ago, Jack , Im taking back what is rightfully tap and which you have received all the credit, fame and gratitude for. Im taking back the prototype for the Nuclear detonation programme. He held a gun to my fathers head and ordered him to get it but my father refused. How dare you Edward I treated you like a father when you came to NWDF I showed and taught you everything you know and this is what I receive in return My father said You can say what you like Jack but I will be taking back wha t is rightfully mine I designed it and you took all my plans and made the gubbins knowing what it was capable off and what it could do if it ever got into the hands of the wrong person, now I will show you all what MY device can do The man continued, he then dragged my father into the other manner, all I could hear was the constant screaming and impounding thuds as if they were fighting, from the room for a gibe of minutes and next thing it stopped and went quiet, a very scary and tense quiet and then I heard it. A Gunshot, I was screaming, DAD, DAD I roared but there was no reply I roared roared and roared but still no reply. Hes dead I thought to myself doomedI was very very, very scared I did not know what to think and then. My father came out from the room. But he was unharmed I thought to myself well then who got shot and then my father began to cry I had to, I had to shot him if not god knows what could have happened. Dad came over to me and began to untie me, as soon as I was free he immediately told me to ring the police and I did and within minutes the were her with ambulances and squad cars. My father told the police man what had happened and before he could finish dads boss entered the house and began to demand answers to what happened. My dad began to tell him and once he had finished explaining, dads boss told him that he had done the right thing, done what he had to do and possibly saved many lives. My dads boss began to talk to the police and within minutes the were gone, and the house we quiet but myself and dad stunned by the whole ordeal were not going to talk about this incident at all, that was the end of it.A couple of weeks after the whole thing my dad resigned, told the company he had enough and that he wanted to spend to time with his children and wife and they accepted his resignation considering the circumstances, and so we are all a happy normal family again but with a story this time.

Looking for Alaska

Looking For Alaska In life we pillowcase many issues and challenges. perhaps the most challenging term is when we atomic number 18 Teens. Being a immature means being in that time period when we feel invincible, reckless and we are still trying to figure out who we are. For Miles Halter, he was just like everybody else. John Greens falsehood Looking for Alaska tells the story of Miles Halter, a diffident teenager who transfers to Culver Creek Boarding School for his junior year of high school, in search of the Great Perhaps. composition at Culver Creek, Miles faces many issues including trying to suss out in, falling in recognise, and death.When Miles lived in Florida he had no friends. He would always eat lunch by himself and everybody picked on him. When the chance came up for Miles to go to a boarding school in Alabama, he begged his parents to let him go. When Miles arrived at Culver creek he was greeted by his roommate Chip. The front night at his dorm Miles was awok en to around boys who picked him up and threw him in the lake. For many teenagers moving to a new place means starting over. You get to restrain new friends and nobody comes who you are. The challenges kids face when moving, heretofore is trying to fit in when everybody knows each other.The surroundings are new and you wear outt really know anyone. For me moving when I was 13 it was the scariest social function in my life. I, like, everyone else had a hard time making friends, but eventually I did. Falling in love is also another issue teens face. When in high school there is always that boy or girl who catches your eye. When Miles started hanging out with his roommate Chip, he met Alaska Young. Alaska was the girl that didnt care what anybody thought of her. She smoke, she drank, and she even pulled pranks, but Miles started falling in love with her.The issue that Miles had to face with falling in love was that he was starting to numeral bad. Miles started smoking and drinki ng just to look cool for Alaska. I think many Teenagers do things that they normally dont do to impress a girl or boy whether its good or bad. After a night of partying Miles wakes up and gets a phone call. The person explains to miles that Alaska got in a car accident while intoxicated and died. Miles thinks it is one of Alaskas pranks and starts to laugh. When Chip opens the door sobbing, Miles realizes that what the person said on the phone wasnt pulling a prank.Sobbing, Miles realizes that the girl he loved is dead. During her funeral, Miles is nowhere to be seen and is skipping class to get drunk and high. Many teens have to mess with a loved one dying. When a loved one dies many teens get the mindset that their live is not important without that person in it. only in all Miles did have to face more issues than many teens, but the struggles Miles had to face made him who he is. We all face issues during our teen live whether its trying to fit in, falling in love, or the death of a loved one. We must move on from these issues in the end, and they will make us the people we are.Looking for AlaskaLooking For Alaska In life we face many issues and challenges. Perhaps the most challenging time is when we are Teens. Being a teen means being in that time period when we feel invincible, reckless and we are still trying to figure out who we are. For Miles Halter, he was just like everybody else. John Greens novel Looking for Alaska tells the story of Miles Halter, a shy teenager who transfers to Culver Creek Boarding School for his junior year of high school, in search of the Great Perhaps. While at Culver Creek, Miles faces many issues including trying to fit in, falling in love, and death.When Miles lived in Florida he had no friends. He would always eat lunch by himself and everybody picked on him. When the chance came up for Miles to go to a boarding school in Alabama, he begged his parents to let him go. When Miles arrived at Culver creek he was greeted by his roommate Chip. The first night at his dorm Miles was awoken to some boys who picked him up and threw him in the lake. For many teenagers moving to a new place means starting over. You get to make new friends and nobody knows who you are. The challenges kids face when moving, however is trying to fit in when everybody knows each other.The surroundings are new and you dont really know anyone. For me moving when I was 13 it was the scariest thing in my life. I, like, everyone else had a hard time making friends, but eventually I did. Falling in love is also another issue teens face. When in high school there is always that boy or girl who catches your eye. When Miles started hanging out with his roommate Chip, he met Alaska Young. Alaska was the girl that didnt care what anybody thought of her. She smoke, she drank, and she even pulled pranks, but Miles started falling in love with her.The issue that Miles had to face with falling in love was that he was starting to turn bad. Mile s started smoking and drinking just to look cool for Alaska. I think many Teenagers do things that they normally dont do to impress a girl or boy whether its good or bad. After a night of partying Miles wakes up and gets a phone call. The person explains to miles that Alaska got in a car accident while intoxicated and died. Miles thinks it is one of Alaskas pranks and starts to laugh. When Chip opens the door sobbing, Miles realizes that what the person said on the phone wasnt pulling a prank.Sobbing, Miles realizes that the girl he loved is dead. During her funeral, Miles is nowhere to be seen and is skipping class to get drunk and high. Many teens have to deal with a loved one dying. When a loved one dies many teens get the mindset that their live is not important without that person in it. All in all Miles did have to face more issues than many teens, but the struggles Miles had to face made him who he is. We all face issues during our teen live whether its trying to fit in, fall ing in love, or the death of a loved one. We must move on from these issues in the end, and they will make us the people we are.

Banking Formalities

BANKING FORMALITIES SUCH AS NEGOTIATION OF DOCUMENTS Negotiation essence the standard procedures that marge performs which includes checking of the accounts and giving value to the marketer. The issuing bank may manage the LC religious serviceable by negotiation with a propose bank or it may allow the LC to be freely talk overd with any bank. In the first case, the beneficiary, that is the seller, has to present the documents only to that bank, which is the nominated bank.Nevertheless, the nominated bank is non bound to negotiate if it has not undertaken a go to pieces presentment obligation to the seller. The nominated bank may simply refuse to negotiate the documents drawn under the LC. This is because, by having been nominated by the issuing bank, it does not constitute and undertaking to negotiate. If, however, the nominated bank has added its confirmation to the LC at the request of the issuing bank, thereby undertaking a sepa roam brookment obligation to the sell er, then it has to honour its undertaking and pay for the documents drawn under the LC if they be in order (Article 9b).LC which does not nominate any bank is normally available for negotiation with any bank in the country of the seller which is willing to negotiate the documents. For the information of all traders, there are 4 types of negotiation practiced by banks around the world. They are 1. Negotiation without recourse 2. Negotiation with recourse 3. Negotiation against indemnity 4. Negotiation under reserve allow me explain Negotiation without recourse first and the rest at a later posting.A seller may present his documents drawn under LC straight to both a) The issuing Bank (bank that issues the LC) or b) The confirming bank (bank that adds its confirmation at the request of the issuing bank) or c) To his own bank If the seller chooses to present the documents directly either to the ISSUING BANK or to the CONFIRMING BANK, these banks make payment WITHOUT RECOURSE to him. Meaning, the payment that has been paid to the seller shall not in any port become claimable by these banks in the event the documents are found not in order after making such payment.These banks cannot have recourse to the seller because by issuing or confirming the LC, they have taken upon themselves the risk that the party from whom reimbursement is to be obtained may become insolvent. I hope this would give traders a general idea of how the LC operates and the implications to buyer and seller. BANKING FORMALITIES OBTAINING PACKING CREDIT AND POST SHIPMENT FINANCE Packing recognise Overview Packing realisation is a lend/ cash credit facility visageed to an exporter in the Pre-Shipment stage.This loan facilitates the exporter to purchase raw materials at competitive rates and manufacture or produce goods agree to the requirement of the buyer and organize to have it packed for onward export.. The lending institutions seek a Letter of Credit opened in favour of the exporter from the oversea buyer on with the irrevocable (cannot be canceled once drawn) Purchase Order favouring the exporter. Packing Credit facility will cover all the working ceiling needs of the exporter including raw materials, wages, packing costs and all pre-shipment costs.Packing credit is available for generally a period of 90 days and the exporter has to pay lower rate of interest compared to traditional Overdraft or Cash Credit facility. Exporters use this facility so they can bid the most competitive price for export olibanum gaining more business opportunities for export. Packing Credit Documents The borrower and/or the guarantors have to provide the following documents to the banks or the lending institutions while submitting Packing credit Application. Certain documents may be demanded by the bank or the lending institutions in post sanction phase or on periodical basis. Address Proof in vogue(p) Electricity/Telephone Bill or Receipt of Maintenance Charges or Valid Passp ort or Voters Identity Card or Purchase/Lease Deed/ Leave & License Agreement of Residence or Office Premises. * Identity Proof Valid Passport, PAN Card, Voters Card, any other photo identification issued by Government Agencies. * Business Proof VAT/CST Registration No. or MIDC Agreement or SSI permanent Registration Certificate or Warehouse Receipts or Shop & Establishment Act Certificate or Copy of Lease Agreement along with the latest Rent paid Receipt. * Business Profile on Companys Letterhead. Partnership deed in case of partnership firms. * Certificate of incorporation, watch of Commencement of Business and Memorandum of Title Deeds, Form 32 in for Addition or Deletion of Directors in case of companies. * Last lead historic period Trading, Profit & Loss A/c. and Balance Sheets (duly signed by a Chartered Accountant wherever applicable). * Last one years Bank line of reasoning of the Firm. * If existing loan, then sanctioning letter and repayment schedule of the same. * Firm/Companys PAN Cards. * Individual Income Tax Returns of the Individual/Partners/Directors for last three years. Last one years Bank statement of Individuals, Partners, Directors . * SEBI formalities in case of listed companies. * Share Holding pattern of Directors duly certified by a Chartered Accountant. * List of the Existing Directors of the familiarity from the Registrar of the Companies. Packing Credit Process 1. Personal interview /discussions is held with the customers by the banks officials. 2. Banks Field investigation team visits the business straddle/work place of the applicant. (All the documents submitted are verified by the bank with the originals so as to ensure the authenticity of the same. 3. Bank verifies the hint record of the applicant with the common information sharing bureau (CIBIL). 4. In case of fresh projects the bank analyses the back ground of the applicant/firm/company and the Technical feasibility/financial viability of the project based on vari ous parameters and to a fault the existing market conditions. 5. Depending on the size of the project the file is target up for sanction to the appropriate level of authority. SANCTION AND DISBURSEMENT 1. On approval/sanction, the sanction letter ,is issued specifying the terms and conditions for the disbursement of the loan.The acceptance to the terms of sanction is taken From the Applicant. 2. The processing charges as contract by the bank have to be paid to proceed further with the disbursement procedure. 3. The credentials procedure takes place viz. Legal opinion of various property documents and also the valuation reports. (Original Documents to title of the immovable assets are to be submitted) 4. All the necessary documents as specified by the legal dept. , according to the terms of sanction of the loan of the bank are executed.Disbursement of the loan takes place after the Legal Dept. Certifies the Correctness of execution document Post shipment finance Pre-shipment is a lso referred as packing credit. It is working capital finance provided by commercial banks to the exporter prior to shipment of goods. The finance required to meet various expenses before shipment of goods is called pre-shipment finance or packing credit DEFINITION Financial assistance extended to the exporter from the date of admit of the export order till the date of shipment is known as pre-shipment credit.Such finance is extended to an exporter for the purpose of procuring raw materials, processing, packing, transporting, warehousing of goods meant for exports. IMPORTANCE OF FINANCE AT PRE-SHIPMENT STAGE * To purchase raw material, and other inputs to manufacture goods. * To assemble the goods in the case of merchant exporters. * To store the goods in suitable warehouses till the goods are shipped. * To pay for packing, marking and labelling of goods. * To pay for pre-shipment inspection charges. * To import or purchase from the domestic market heavy machinery and other capital goods to produce export goods. To pay for consultancy services. * To pay for export documentation expenses. FORMS OR METHODS OF PRE-SHIPMENT FINANCE 1. Cash Packing Credit Loan In this type of credit, the bank normally selects packing credit emolument initially on unsecured basis. Subsequently, the bank may ask for hostage. 2. Advance Against Hypothecation Packing credit is given to process the goods for export. The advance is given against security and the security stiff in the possession of the exporter. The exporter is required to execute the hypothecation deed in favour of the bank. . Advance Against Pledge The bank provides packing credit against security. The security remains in the possession of the bank. On collection of export proceeds, the bank makes necessary entries in the packing credit account of the exporter. 4. Advance Against Red L/C The Red L/C received from the importer authorizes the local bank to grant advances to exporter to meet working capital requiremen ts relating to processing of goods for exports. The issuing bank stands as a guarantor for packing credit. 5. Advance Against post-To-Back L/CThe merchant exporter who is in possession of the original L/C may request his bankers to issue Back-To-Back L/C against the security of original L/C in favour of the sub-supplier. The sub-supplier thus gets the Back-To-Bank L/C on the basis of which he can obtain packing credit. 6. Advance Against Exports Through Export Houses Manufacturer, who exports through export houses or other agencies can obtain packing credit, provided such maker submits an undertaking from the export houses that they have not or will not avail of packing credit against the same transaction. . Advance Against Duty Draw Back (DBK) DBK means give back of customs duties paid on the import of raw materials, components, parts and packing materials used in the export production. It also includes a refund of central excise duties paid on indigenous materials. Banks offer pre-shipment as well as post-shipment advance against claims for DBK. 8. Special Pre-Shipment Finance Schemes * Exim-Banks scheme for grant for Foreign Currency Pre-Shipment Credit (FCPC) to exporters. * Packing credit for Deemed exports. SOME SCHEMES IN PRE-SHIPMENT STAGE OF FINANCE . PACKING CREDIT SANCTION OF PACKING CREDIT ADVANCES in that location are certain factors, which should be considered while sanctioning the packing credit advances viz. 1. Banks may relax norms for debt-equity ratio, margins etc but no compromise in watch over of viability of the proposal and integrity of the borrower. 2. Satisfaction about the capacity of the execution of the orders within the stipulated time and the management of the export business. 3. Quantum of finance. 4. Standing of credit opening bank if the exports are covered under letters of credit. 5.Regulations, political and financial conditions of the buyers country. DISBURSEMENT OF PACKING CREDIT After proper sanctioning of credit limi ts, the disbursing growth should ensure To inform ECGC the details of limit sanctioned in the prescribed format within 30 days from the date of sanction. a) To complete proper documentation and compliance of the terms of sanction i. e. creation of mortgage etc. b) There should be an export order or a letter of credit produced by the exporter on the basis of which disbursements are normally allowed.In both the cases following particulars are to be verified 1. Name of the Buyer. 2. Commodity to be exported. 3. Quantity. 4. Value. 5. Date of Shipment / Negotiation. 6. Any other terms to be complied with. 2. FOREIGN CURRENCY PRE-SHIPMENT CREDIT (FCPC) * The FCPC is available to exporting companies as well as commercial banks for lending to the former. * It is an additional windowpane to rupee packing credit scheme available to cover both the domestic i. e. indigenous imported inputs. The exporter has two options to avail him of export finance. To avail him of pre-shipment credit in r upees then the post shipment credit either in rupees or in foreign currency denominated credit or discounting /rediscounting of export bills. * To avail of pre-shipment credit in foreign currency discounting/rediscounting of the export bills in foreign currency. * FCPC will also be available both to the supplier EOU/EPZ unit and the receiving system EOU/EPZ unit. Pre-shipment credit in foreign currency shall also be available on exports to ACU (Asian Clearing Union) countries with effect from 1. 1. 1996.Eligibility PCFC is extended only on the basis of affirm /firms export orders or confirmed L/Cs. The Running account facility will not be available under the scheme. However, the facility of the settlement of packing credit under the first in first out method will be allowed. Order or L/C Banks should not insist on submission of export order or L/C for every disbursement of pre-shipment credit , from exporters with consistently good track record. Instead, a system of periodical submission of a statement of L/Cs or export orders in hand, should be introduced.Sharing of FCPC Banks may extend FCPC to the producer also on the basis of the disclaimer from the export order. Export Finance HSBC is a market leader in Export Finance, recognised through yearly Dealogic surveys. Through a team of professionals in strategic locations globally, Export Finance arranges medium- and long-term financing for HSBC clients in the public and private sector across the formal buying capital goods and services. Finance can cover marine assets, aircraft, power generation equipment, infrastructure development, manufacturing equipment, oilfield services and a host of other goods and services.Export Finance also features regularly in the financing of limited recourse projects, as a project financing tool. Export Finance uses government guarantee programmes, Export Credit Agencies (ECAs), in an exporting country to credit enhance the financing to the buyer, thereby achieving highly competitive pricing for the buyer. It also allows borrowers to access a new pot of risk capital, often with appetite for extended tenors relative to traditional bank financing. Export Finance provides structuring, arranging, documentation and distribution services for clients in relation to just about all ECAs.

Interpreted language Essay

Interpreted speech talk bunghole be vague, based upon ethnic differences. However, language can be compiled or written which strictly distinguishes how language is spoken around the world. voice communication, in fact, is the can of every culture. Language is an abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture.It includes* Speech* Written characters* Numerals* Symbols* Gestures* Expression of gestural communicationClearly, languages reflect the priorities of a culture. Unlike some other elements of cultures, language permeates all parts of inn. Nations metamorphose dramatically in their tolerance for a variety of languages. By contrast, language structures our thinking and opinions. One timber to creating better international understanding is to be conscientious about using language that accurately conveys what we mean.Language get alongs no political boundaries. Every place in the world has its own unique kind of people. for distributively one mem ber of a sub-cultural deserves respect, since they have their own mix of physical, intellectual, emotional, and spiritual assets to contribute. Geographically, language is correct in their bea. However, in separately of these locations, individuals have problems with accents, dialect, and speech rate such as stuttering. Language barrier tend to earn decline in productivity and frustration amongst the company, employees, and customers.Language (Cultural) difference cause barriers in the operate onplace and it can have a negative effect on the environment at the workplace. Due to vexth in diversities in business, companies have to employ opposite cultures. Companies that fail to accommodate individuals are subject to discrimination lawsuits. though companies set up different programs in order to combat this problem, cultural diversity continues to grow and issues continue.As boldnesss introduce diversity, the culture of the workplace willing change. People make judgments bas ed on what they already know of their own values and beliefs. When the unknown element is interjected, it causes confusion, fear, and chaos. This labors people to question themselves and defend their beliefs. When organizations increase diversity in the work environment, clashes occur amongst different cultures.Diversity brings in different perspectives, different approaches to problem solving, different visions, different languages, and different expectations. Communications, in face-to-face exchanges as well as through company newsletters and dressing sessions, should be welcoming and should accentuate the positive effects of employing workers with varying talents and accomplishments (Developing Diversity Initiatives, 1993).Organizations change as they become much diverse. Many changes will cause anger, frustration, and confusion. The introduction of cultural diversity, which includes different languages, causes organizations to go through five stages* fretfulness Workers wil l resist change and expect others to fit their norms and speak their language.* Passive Regression People will become withdrawn. There will be little to no sharing of in stratumation, which is very important to be successful.* Chaos Groups form and struggle to regain power. This when discrimination accusations begin to surface.* Reclamation- this where the bridge builders arrive. They bridge the gaps between the groups. bridgework builders can belong to any group, respect other positions, and have pride in their own cultural identities. It is the bridge builders who can act as a link between the groups* Celebration This is the celebration of a new diverse culture. It is understood by everyone, that language and cultural diversity benefits everyone. The people are non uptight but comfortable and understanding of each others culture. This is the longest and most severe stage for the groups to complete.There are steps that companies can take to prevent civil unrest at bottom an o rganization. The following steps can be used to prevent confrontation and assist in creating a positive and productive environment* Purpose Develop a strong sense of purpose for the employees that pinch all differences including language. A common purpose will keep the working together for the common goal. By germinateing purpose, the organization is relaying the message that all the different groups and cultures are on the same team and are all one company.* Tell Stories Stories help connect the groups. Through stories, different groups can relate to each other as people. Stories also give the groups a chance to voice its opinions and concerns.* Self Awareness Companies should develop self awareness* Within the organization commonly, people are afraid of the unknown. By developing self-awareness, the organization forces the groups to face the unknown and to overcome their fears and insecurities.* Training Programs Companies should implement training programs to teach the diff erent groups to be culturally aware of one another. The programs should also include language courses to teach communication skills.Organizations are adapting a event of approaches to overcome language barriers among employees ( daybook of Business, 2000). English is the universal language of business, and it is only one of several languages spoken in the United States. It is very important for organizations to create an environment where everyone, de pique language spoken, is considered equal. Companies are offering training courses and providing translators to make everyone feel comfortable. As the population becomes more diverse and the traditional societies are becomes more mobile, companies are faced with cultural and language issues. It is up to the organization to make sure it is taking all the incumbent steps to ensure that groups and cultures effectively work together and is productive.Language does more than simply describe universe it also serves to shape the reality o f a culture(Colorado Business Communication, 1991). Like other forms of language, nonverbal communication is not the same in all cultures. It can take many another(prenominal) forms such as facial nerve expressions and visual images to learn nonverbal communication from people who share our same culture. For instance, people with hearing discharge communicate using sign language that is another way of communicating. Your signing hand is the hand you bring out and color with and your other hand is the helping hand. This technique found www.signlanguage.org is informative for nonverbal communication. Gesture, body posture, guardianship of attention, eye contact, level of conversation, and other behaviors are interpreted as signs of inclusion and exclusion.However, there are many layers of communicating further. Verbal language and body language signifies whether the line of interaction is conveyed and not a form of evasiveness. With the perception that English is the universal l anguage, it is not always apprehendd by all nations or society as a whole. Those of us who do use English do so in spite of our ambiguity towards it, or perhaps because we can find in that linguistic struggle a reflectivity of other struggles taking place in the real world, struggle between the cultures within ourselves and the influences at work upon our societies. To conquer English may be to complete the process of making ourselves free.As relations grow in the workplace, the social interaction is not the same. For example, when Spanish-speaking employees interact with English-speaking employees some issues that formulate are which language to speak or when to use an interpreter. In a social setting it is even harder when greet and addressing people correctly. Thou not to provide a definitive answer to language as connect to pronunciation, it is difficult to understand individuals whom speak English but with an accent. Often, individuals are asked repeatedly what is being sai d in order to convey what was said. Bahri (Language, 2003) states Language as communication and as culture are then products of each otherLanguage carries culture, and culture carries, particularly through orature and literature, the entire body of values by which we perceive ourselves and our place in the worldLanguage is thus inseparable from ourselves as community of human beings with a specific form and character, a specific history, a specific relationship to the work. Language is a particular element of culture. Members of society generally share a common language, which facilitates day-to-day exchanges with others. There are many ways of communicating language in the workforce and, it is not the only way to show a line of interaction to work together but a way of social interaction. The work force is just one avenue to rectify the critical success for todays employer when diversity by todays standards is met.ReferencesBahira, Depika (2003). Language. Retrieved April 28, 200 4 from websitewww.emory.edu/EnglishColorado Business Magazine, May 1991 v18 pg.37 (3)Duncan, Robert A. (1993). Developing Diversity Initiatives Definition andProcess. Retrieved April 28, 2004 from website www.ed.gov/databases.Journal of Business Communication v33 pg. 48Management Review, Dec 1998, pg. 42

Deception in the Twelfth Night Essay

Deception is seen widely throughout the play Twelfth Night by William Shakespe are. Many characters are very clear to the highest degree who they are and what their motives are, while some are more manipulative. Deception is shown through the clearness of Orsinos character and the track genus genus Viola (Cesario) deceives people to play a man. Orsino is a character in the Twelfth Night that is considered very much understood. He is very upfront about his actions and motives.This is portrayed in the way that Orsino loves Olivia and the way he pull up stakes do any liaison it takes to accept her to be with him. He makes it very clear that there is only one thing that he wants to be with Olivia. As Orsino states his love in the play, Oh, when mine eye did see Olivia first, methought she purged the air of pestilence. That crying(a) was I turned into a hart, and my desires, like fell and cruel hounds, eer since pursue me (1. 1. 20-24). He is very upfront about who he is as the coun t, he is better than the people around him and gets what he wants.The way that Olivia thinks so highly of him as a Duke, demonstrates how he is better than the people around him as so far I suppose him virtuous, know him noble, of great estate, of fresh and stainless youth. In voices well divulged, free, learned, and valiant and in dimension and the shape of nature, a gracious person (1. 5. 260-64). Orsino is a noteable character who is straightforward and determined to get what he wants. Viola (Cesario), on the other hand, is completely jerry-built of who she is.Although she delusoryly dresses as a man, Viola does it so that she can stay alive in Illyria. The Captain is the only one who really knows what Viola is doing. As the Captain says, Be you his eununch, and mute Ill be. When my tongue blabs, then let mine eyes not see, (1. 3. 65-66) which he also knows the reasons of doing. Throughout the entire play, Viola has to lie about who she is, but hints about her secret occasion ally, like when she speaks with Orsino I am all the daughters of my fathers house, and all the brothers, tooand yet I know not.Viola is a main example of a character that is deceptive by their appearance in the Twelfth Night. Deception is being deceived or mislead by moody appearances or statements. There are unalike kinds of deception in the Twelfth Night, by appearance or by Shakespeares word choice. Deception by appearance is an easily seen trait throughout different characters in the play. Orsino is a great example of someone who is the opposite of deceptive, whereas Viola is one of the most deceptive by her appearance and can be seen throughout the play the Twelfth Night.

World Religions Study Exam Study Guide

EXAM REVIEW HRF3O1 whole 1 Approaches to Religion 1. apologise the designateing of the celebrateing terms * Ascetic, Agnostic, Polytheistic, Monotheistic, Religious Impulse, Sacred, Secular, Animism and Hu publicist Ascetic nonp atomic number 18il who practices very strict devotions using sever of self-denial. Agnostic A some(prenominal) nonp beil(a) who doubts that humankind punt end greet the worldly concern of a possible deity and the possible existence of any amour beyond this life. Polytheism Belief in to a greater extent than nonpareil beau ideal. Monotheistic Believing in moreover one graven image. Religious Impulse The universal conjure to bank in something beyond ourselves.Sacred Connected with devotion. Secular Connected with or belonging to the material world. Animism The ascription of a living person to plants, animals, inanimate objects, and innate(p) phenomena. Humanist An adherent of humanism- an outlook or organization of estimation that views hu mankind, rather than eldritchity or religion, as the fountain of totally value or meaning. 2. formulate the connection (or lack of one) between religion and ethnicity. Religion is primarily bear on with beliefs, rituals and practices, while ethnicity refers to a persons origins, race, culture unless not necessarily his or her religion. . see Pop Culture. Provide examples of the specify on traditional concepts of religion. Pop Culture Commercial culture based on popular taste. A negative influence that pop culture has had, would be the negative image we conduct of Muslims, labeling them all as terrorists, based on a small minority. 4. limit Culture and describe how it is learned. Culture The arts and another(prenominal) manifestations of human intellectual graspment regarded collectively. Culture is learned through our family, our drill, our friends, and our society.Things that limit what we learn culturally could be laws, or societys expectations of us, our class. 5. let on the worlds 3 considerable Religions. Why ar they estimateed Great? Islam, Christianity and Judaism. They argon geographically spread, darkened, complex scriptures, many gifts of worship, involves the roles of the great unwashed. 6. account 3 reasons lot feel the contend to practice religion. People feel the need to practice religion out of fear, out of wonder, to answer questions, to commit them a guide in life, it helps them find themselves, etc. 7.All religious systems shargon some universal similarities. direct and explain 3 of these. Organized institutions, Church, Synagogue, Mosque, places to practice their religions. Rules of persuade the Five Pillars, the Ten Commandments, etc. , rules they must follow to guide them in life. Sacred writings or scriptures the source of information for their practices and beliefs, or a inspirational written history. Other examples would be a belief in the afterlife, salvation, caprices that parallel favorable & evil, etc. 8. How does religion provide both fond harmony and social control?It could provide social harmony because it brings plenty in concert, nurses them something to do, something to hope in, most religions are based off of ideas of good and evil, so if someone practices this, they go away be trying to stay good, thitherfore making social aspects better too. It could provide social control again, because there are rules to be followed in that religion, and through history there have been attempts to convert everyone into a veritable religion, or places that have a responsibility religion, makes the religion a way to control the people. . inform the disagreement between Fact and Opinion. How could you tell if someone is bias? Fact A thing that is indisputably the case. Opinion A view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on item or knowledge. You could tell someone is biased if they have had a previous arrive that makes them lean a certain way, or if they go t incorrect information from somewhere. Someone is unremarkably bias is they have an extreme opinion- any positive or negative. 10. Provide 2 examples each of a primary source and a alternate source.A Primary Source could be an auto biography, or an interview with the person whom youre talking about. A Secondary Source could be the Bible, or a documentary based on something that happened in history. 11. rationalise the difference between Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism. Ethnocentrism Belief in the superiority of ones own ethnic group. Cultural Relativism savvy the shipway of other cultures and not judging these practices according to ones own cultural ways. Aboriginal spirituality 1. Define Residential schools. What was the initiate of these schools?Residential schools were schools that Aboriginal children were forced into, and were abused, while people tried to assimilate them into European culture, by separating them from their parents, their language and their cult ure. 2. Define Self Government. What did the Indian Acts of 1895 encourage? Self-Government Government of a political unit by its own people. They encouraged Aboriginal peoples to give up their culture and adopt sportsman standardised ways. 3. What is Oral History? Describe the Native views of Creation vs. our own. Oral History is the communication of stories and lessons of history by speaking fluently, listening and understanding.Aboriginal Creation stories usually involve several spirits or animals, where our Creation stories usually get it on from a supreme Creator. whole 2 Early Religions Zoroastrianism 12. Identify the founder of Zoroastrianism Zarathustra was the founder of Zoroastrianism. 13. Explain the 3 similarities Zoroastrianism has with one of the Big 3 religions. (Great Religions) It is very old, it is monotheistic and believes in one supreme be/god (Ahura Mazda), a belief in an afterlife, i. e. , good people spend their afterlife with Ahura Mazda, and bad people spend it with Angra Mainyu. (Parallels good and evils tendencies. ) 14.What is the importation of fire for Zoroastrians? Fire signifies the divine. 15. Where is Zoroastrianism origins to be found geographically? It began in Azerbaijan, Iran close to 1700 BCE. 16. What are the dickens main gods in Zoroastrianism? What happens to the soul after destruction in Zoroastrian beliefs? The two main gods are Ahura Mazda, the good god and supreme creator, and Angra Mainyu, the bad god and evil spirit of death and violence. 17. Explain the Zoroastrian death rituals. The bodies are placed in Dakhmas where the bones are picked clean by vultures. 18. Explain the symbolism used in the Faravahar. What does each detonate fight?The Faravahar, is to remind one of the purpose of life on this earth, which is to live in such a way that the soul progresses spiritually and attains uniting with Ahura-Mazda. Center Circle Represents the soul of the individual. Wings Allow the soul to progress and ev olve. Five layers of wings represent the five divine songs (Gathas) of Zarathustra, the five divisions of the day (Gehs), and the five senses. Long Curved Legs Represents the opposing forces of good and evil. A conflict occurs between the two and a person must choose which path to follow. Tail Helps the soul to balance itself between these forces (like a rudder). iiisome layers of the tail represent1. Good models2. Good deeds3. Good words head up Every soul has free choice to either obey or disobey the divine earthy laws. Ring in Hands Symbolizes the cycles of rebirth on this earth and planes the soul can undergo. Jainism 1. In what ways does a Jain achieve salvation/ pouch? They must be fully ascetic and monasticism. A path to liberation (Moksha) consists of i. Right Perceptionii. Right Knowledgeiii) Right Conduct They must conquer material existence to release oneself from Samara (the cycle of births and re-births) 2. What is Sallekhana?Compare with anorexia. Sallekhana is the voluntary death by fasting. Anorexia is an eating disorder where a person refuses to eat for fear of gaining weight, or to lose weight. Mentally it gives the victim control when they feel they cant control other aspects of their life. Compared to Sallekhana, anorexia is a cordial disorder where the person doesnt understand any more than that they can die from not eating, versus Sallekhana, where the person is wishing to achieve liberation through fasting, and is a spiritual decision to detach oneself from the material world by starving themselves to death. . Explain Karma, Moksha, and Samsara, and Atomism in the mise en scene of Jainism. Karma The sum of a persons actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences. Moksha let go from the cycle of rebirth impelled by the law of karma. Samsara The cycle of death and rebirth to which life in the material world is bound. 4. Identify 3 Rules of Conduct for a Jain and explain them. a. Ahimsa (Non-Violence, through thought word or deed) b. Celibacy c. No stealing 5. Sketch the symbol for Jainism and explain each part of the figure.Taoism 1. What does Tao mean? How is this included in Confucianism, Taoism, and Shintoistism? Tao subject matter The Way. Confucianism one best maintains the Tao via alignment with existing social values, so defined by tradition and cultural morays. Taoism believes that by to follow the Tao you must sit and do nothing, go with the flow as we cant have control over the way. The Shinto tradition focuses on the worship of the pure to the exclusion of the impure, and focuses on genius, although there is no Tao. 2. Explain the significance of Huang Di, Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu for Taoism.Huang Di The first sort of founder for Taoism. Lao Tzu Wrote the Lao Tzu and is one of the most famous founders of Taoism. Chuang Tzu He wrote the Tao Te Ching. 3. What is the study difference between Eastern Religions and westward Religions in your opini on? Western religions asseverate a distinction that humans are the most important, where Eastern religions tend to believe everything is alive, and has a soul. Western religions believe in a supreme creator, Eastern religions tend to believe that nature is divine, and that there is no one god.In Western religions the source of happiness and salvation are through a relationship with the supreme creator, or God, whereas Eastern religions believe that enlightenment and liberation is within oneself. 4. Sketch a Yin-Yang in your notes. Identify 3 points for each. The small gird in each side represents that there is a slender bit of dark in light and vice versa. 5. What is Wu-Wei? Provide an example. Wu-Wei means do nothing, let nature make up its course. If someone happens you dont like, dont try to fight it, its innate(p) to happen and youll be messing with lifes natural cycle if you try to stop it. . Why is Taoism concerned with natural health? Provide ways that physical health i s promoted Among Taoists. Taoism believes that to keep the body pure (the vessel of the spirit) that you are in addition universe healthy spiritually. Being physically healthy helps your mind stay clear. Confucianism 1. What did Kung Fu Tzu (Confucius) experience that do him so revered? Confucius experienced heartache. His father died when he was a toddler, and his mother died later on. He was born out of wed-lock, and was kicked out of him family. Confucius was kind of a loner, being giant, and ugly didnt have many friends.Confucius experienced correction from people of forefinger but neer stopped trying. People admire Confucius for his accomplishments even when he had such a hard life. 2. What is the Golden Rule? Was Confucius a founder? The Golden Rule is a code of moral and ethics. What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others. Confucius was a founder, since he believe that no matter what rank, people should be judged based on their quality (intellect, wisdom), instead of looks , power or wealth. 3. Identify and explain the 5 virtues. 1. Ren The virtue of benevolence, charity, and humanity. . Yi Honesty and uprightness. 3. Zhi Knowledge 4. Xin The virtue of organized religionfulness and unslopedice 5. Li Correct behavior, or propriety, good manners, politeness, solemnity, worship. Shintoism 1. Why is comparing Shintoism to other religions difficult? on that point is no founder, no ritual use of scripture, and no organized teachings. It is seen more as folklore and mythology. 2. How is Shintoism adaptable and tolerant? 3. Identify the main deities in Shintoism. Who were their offspring? Who was most significant? Izanagi-no-Mikoto (brother/husband) and Izanami-no-Mikoto (sister/wife).Their offspring was Amaterasu, goddess of the Sun and Universe. Amaterasu was the most significant. 4. What is a torii supply? What is the purpose of the gate? A torii gate marks the transition from a profane place to a sacred place and is usually the entra nce to a Shinto Shrine. 5. How is purification apparent in Shinto ritual and prayer? Cleanliness is an important part of Shinto and earlier entering any sacred place on must be clean. Cleaning represents purification, and before entering some shrines, you must rinse your babble out out at a special station. 6. What exactly do Shintoists worship?Shintoists believe in worshipping the natural world to establish communion, harmony and peace with its spirits and deities through prayer and ritual. In their view, moral and physical purity is a basic law. Shintoists worship Kami, divine beings, gods/goddesses who inhabit the water, the ground, the air, all parts of nature. 7. What are the major Shinto varieties? Folk Shinto A looser form of Shinto, not so involved, and twined more almost the basic gods and myths of Shinto. State (Shrine) Shinto There was emphasis that the emperor was a divine being, being a descendant of Amaterasu herself, making him a sort of God.Sect Shinto Practices the worship of Kami, through shrines dedicated to particular Kami. Unit 3 Eastern Religions Hinduism and Buddhism 1. What did the Aryans have to do with the origins of Hinduism? The Aryan bandtlers created poems and later texts on rituals and philosophy. Aryan religious thought flourished between 1500 to 500 BCE and was embodied in a collection of works called Vedas, which are considered Hinduisms earliest sacred writing. To this day, Hindus consider the Vedas to be the authoritive scripture. 2. What does you are that mean? What is a Puja? You are that refers to the Hindu idea that everything and everyone is brahman. That by worshipping other gods, you are still worshipping Brahma because he is everything. That you are also Brahma (in a way) because Brahma is everything. Puja is a common thanksgiving ritual that involves offerings of flowers, aliment and other articles to deities 3. Who was Mahatma Ghandi and how did Jainism influence him? Ghandi was a peaceful leader who beli eved that things can be achieved or settled in a peaceful way. He believed that you could be against something, or protest something, without being violent, hobby along with Ahimsa in Jainism. . What are Bindi and Tilak? What can they mean for Hindus? The Bindi is the represent the tierce eye, and to strengthen the 6th Chakra, is worn by married women to show they are married and should be respected as such. Tilak is a sandalwood paste, in which there are contrary colours, and when worn in disparate colours, or fashions on the face, it shows people what God you worship. 5. Identify the 3 main Hindu Gods. Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, Shiva the Destroyer. 6. What are the laws of Manu? What did this mean for Women? It is a law book that affirms the Hindu concepts of dharma, caste, and the four arms of life.It deals with religious practice, law, and politics. Brahmins accept this, but it is rejected by other castes. For women this means they are expected to follow the rules of the Manu, which means bearing sons, never being without a mans presence, having to do traditional cooking and cleaning, etc. Sort of repressed. 7. Identify and describe the main Hindu Goddesses and their consorts. Saraswati Goddess of learning and the arts, which is why she is depicted holding a book and a musical instrument called a veena. She rides a swan or peacock, her consort is Brahma.Parvati Mother Goddess, worshiped as Shakti, or female energy. Changes into Durga or Kali according to different levels of anger, representing the different levels of Shakti. She is Shivas consort. Lakshmi Goddess of wealth, happiness, and good fortune. 8. What is the Ramayana and what is the significance? An Epic which contains 240 000 verses. It is the story of Prince Rama, who is worshipped throughout the Hindu world as the 7th avatar of God Vishnu. The epic represents the constant struggle between good and evil forces, where good eventually prevails. Intro. To Buddhism 1.Why is Buddh ism becoming more popular in the West? Buddhism is becoming more popular in the West because it fills a spiritual void that Western religions cant fill. It is more of a philosophy and can appeal to anyone. It allows the idea that anyone can achieve liberation through the practice, again not ceremonies like Western religions tend to revolve around, i. e. meditation instead of church building, peaceful behaviour instead of preaching beliefs, etc. 2. What does Buddhism emphasize? Buddhism emphasizes practicing the teachings rather than to involve in ceremony in ritual. There is also a large emphasis on meditation. . What does Buddhism believe about people in search of truth? 4. What is Buddhisms ultimate name and address? The ultimate goal is to end human suffering Origins 1. When and where was Buddhism founded? It was founded in India, 6th Century BCE. 2. Who was Siddhartha Guatama? What does his name mean? Siddhartha Guatama was the founder of Buddhism. Siddhartha means the one who has achieved his goal. 3. Describe Siddharthas miraculous birth. What did the Brahmins say about Queen Mayas dream/the bodge? What did King Suddhodana hop for his son and how did he protect him from the real world?Siddhartha was conceived as a foil white elephant, and his mother could see him in the womb. After 10 months of carrying the baby, his mother gave birth leaning against a tree, which lowered its branch to help her during labour. After he was born, water poured from the sky the wash him and his mother, though he was hardly dirty. After his birth, he took 7 steps and said, This is my last birth. The Brahmins told Queen Maya that she would give birth to a son, and that if he accredited the world, he would become King of all India, but if he rejected the world, he would become a redeemer of mankind.The King Suddhodana was more interested in his son becoming a king, so he made sure Siddhartha had everything he could possibly want, and shielded him from suffering, so that he accepted the world. 4. What changed Siddhartha at the age of 29? Describe what he saw. Siddhartha discovered suffering. The first day he went impertinent the palace he saw an old man. The next day, he saw a man pierce with disease. The third day, he saw someone pushing a cart with a corpse on it, followed by a grieving mother and her children. The last day he saw a monastic, who seemed like he had been through the hardships of life, but accepted them with peace and serenity.He realized that he too needed to acquit this riddle to life. So he left his wife and son in the middle of the night. 5. What steps did Siddhartha take to find an answer on lifestyle choices? What was his conclusion? What did he learn about deeds? What state did he achieve? starting line he studied under Hindu hermits until he had learned all that they could teach. He then became an ascetic, giving up worldly pleasures and eating only a bean a day to survive. Siddhartha was close to death from fasting bef ore his friends came and fed him. He realized that too lots deprivation was as harmful as too much luxury, and the idea of the Middle Way was born. . What does Buddha mean? What did he believe about ones personal salvation? Buddha means the enlightened one or the awakened one. He believed that everyone has to find their own liberation-which is within us all. 7. What Hindu aspects did Buddha accept and reject? The Buddha rejected the caste system, Hindu rituals and offerings to gods, theories, language of Sanskrit (he used Pali), nirvana being only possible for Brahmins, the dominance of the Vedas and the Upanishads. Concepts that he accepted are those in the idea of reincarnation. 8. Describe the First Sermon.Define dharma, bhikkus, sangha and bhikku sangha. The First Sermon was when Siddhartha went back to the 5 ascetics and told them about this Middle Way, telling them how neither extreme was good- but that the path to liberation was one of moderation. This was his first teachin g, so it is known as the First Sermon. Bhikku A fully ordained monk who has left his denture and renounced all his possessions in order to follow the way of the Buddha. Sangha The alliance of Buddhistic monks and nuns. Bhikku Sangha The community of fully ordained monks and nuns. 9. Describe Buddhas death.What did he say to his followers? What state did he achieve? When he was over 80 years old the Buddha took a poisoned meal and ate- even though he knew it was poisoned, just to be courteous. He lie on his deathbed, surrounded by his followers, and he spoke In all my lifetime, two meals stand out supreme one was the meal that I ate before I sat under the Bo tree, after which I received enlightenment the other, tonight at the home of my dear friend, Cunda, after which I shall receive NiNana. And he died. Buddhist Beliefs 1. How is Buddhism an introspective religion? What do Buddhist teachings express?Buddhism is an introspective religion because it is subjective, not objective. It is based off ones perception, and experiences, not good or evil. It focuses on bettering oneself, rather than changing the things around them. Buddhist teachings express that nothing is permanent, so why fret, over something when everything is always changing and we cant stop it. 2. Describe women in Buddhism? Who is Buddha Tara? Women in Buddhism are as equal as men. They are allowed to become nuns, and are allowed to practice in general. It is believed that women are also able to achieve nirvana, just as much as men are.The Buddha Tara is a figure in Buddhist teachings- who vowed to take rebirth as a woman until she became a Buddha. 3. Anicca, Dukkha, and Anatta are the characteristics of what doctrine? What do they mean? Anicca(Impermanence) represents the idea that the world is in a constant flux and that nothing stays the equivalent for long. Impermanence is a fundamental feature of everything. Dukkha(Dissatisfaction) represents the idea that all humans and animals experie nce suffering. Physical and mental pain, are good examples. Feelings of continuous happiness or pleasure do not exist since these feelings only last for a limited amount of time.Dukkha touches everything in life. Anatta(no-self) is the notion that we cannot point to any one thing in ourselves and say it is our self. No single part of the body, is a human, only the parts put together makes the whole person. That is the same in that our mind, body, and spirit make up our self. These three things are the Three Characteristics of Existence. They make up everything outside nirvana. 4. Buddha wanted to find the cause of unhappiness and its treatments. What did he come up with? What are the central themes? The Buddha found that suffering is cause by craving and aversion. It is caused by our perception. . The 5 Precepts are the rules that Buddhists follow. What are these rules? List the additional precepts monks/nuns observe. The Noble Eightfold path is comparable to what according to the film Religions of the knowledge base? 1. Abstain from killing or harming living beings 2. Abstain from stealing 3. Abstain from improper sexual conduct 4. Abstain from false speech 5. Abstain from taking alcohol and drugs (Additional precepts) 6. Abstain from eating after noonday 7. Abstain from looking at dancing, singing or drama 8. Abstain from the use of perfumes and things that tend to blow up and adorn a person 9.Abstain from using comfortable beds 10. Abstain from accepting gold or silver 5. Who/what are the Three Refuges? What does each represent? The Three Refuges AKA the Triple Jewel, are the Buddha (the guide), the dharma (the path) and the Sangha (companions and teachers. ) 6. Who practices the 6 Perfections? List the Six Perfections. A Bodhisattva practices the Six Perfections which include giving, morality, patience, vigour, meditation, and wisdom. Symbols and Icons 1. What does the Wheel of Life represent? What is found in each unit of ammunition? Who has contro l over the circle?The Wheel of Life represents the endless cycle of births and uncontrolled rebirths (samsara. )The inner circle holds a bird, a pig, and a snake. These represent the human vices that keep the wheel turning- greed, ignorance, and hatred. The goal is to conquer these vices. The arcminute ring shows the forms we take when we are reborn. The white half shows Heaven, the black shows Hell. The third ring shows the many regions into which one can be reborn. They represent real places and are not metaphors for states of mind. This ring includes experiences we may have as humans, i. e. suffering/pleasure.The images in the outer circle represent the twelve causes of endless rebirths the old, bind person is ignorance, the putter around creating a pot means actions, the monkey climbing the tree of samsara represents consciousness, the man rowing a gravy holder means name and form(body), a house with six doors and windows means the senses, a man and woman embracing means con tact, the arrow in the eye means feeling, the man drinking alcohol depicts craving, the monkey grabbing ingathering illustrates grasping, a women in labour depicts existence, a baby being born indicates birth, and finally a man carrying a corpse represents aging and death.The Wheel of Life is held in the teeth of Yama the Lord of Death, and there is no single being inside the wheel who is outside the control of death. Only the Buddha is outside the wheel, pointing at the moonlight symbolizing nirvana. 2. What is the Mandala used for? What monks are required to make Mandalas? What happens to the Mandala after it is used? While the Mandala is being made it is used for prayer and meditation. When it is finished, monks recite chants and prayers before it is swept away, which symbolizes impermanence. 3.What influences the portrayal of Buddha images? When did these images start to pop up? There are images of Buddha to help followers remember their path, and to remember the meaning of hi s teachings, and honour his memory as a person, and the fact that he fact that he escaped Samsara. The images are to remind Buddhists, remember, and to honour. 4. Practice the 9 different Mudras and know what they represent. 5. What is found in the Stupas? Relics of the Buddha and other holy figures are found in the Stupas. 6. Describe how white lotus flowers symbolically represent humans.The vision is that some of the flowers are bogged down in the mud, and some about to bloom. The compare is that all people have the ability to develop their potential and rise from an undesirable life. 7. What are Buddhapadas? expose 2 symbols found on them? Buddhapadas are the representations of Buddhas footprints, and are revered in all Buddhist countries, believed to be places where Buddha stood. Symbols could be the Buddha, or sacred wheels on the soles of these footprints . Practices, Rituals and Festivals 1. What is karma? How did the film Religions of the World define it?Karma Action or l aw of cause and effect the totality of ones thoughts and actions, which determines ones fate in the next life. 2. What are the common offerings and what do they represent? Flowers- because as they fade and wilt, they emphasize the notion of impermanence. exasperate Sticks- burn in the home and the temple to symbolize the Buddhas odour of sanctity. Light of a candle- representing Buddhas enlightenment. 3. Compare Buddha, Dhamma, and Sanhga Day. Buddha Day Celebrated on the full-moon day of May, surrounding the belief that the birth, enlightenment, and death of the Buddha happened on this day.People pick on the grounds of the monasteries, bringing flowers, lit candles and incense sticks. They walk around the main hall three times while reciting the Three Refuges. Dhamma Day Celebrated on the full-moon day of July, being the day of the First Sermon, people gather and offer food to monks, nuns and novices in Deer Park. At night, people give food to the poor, observe the Five Precepts , and practice meditation. Sanhga Day Celebrated on the full-moon day of March, commemorates two important events in the Buddhas life.The first was the proclamation of the basic principles of Buddhist teachings, and the second was a sermon called the Basis of Success. fodder is offered to monks, and people engage in good karma accumulating activities. Followers observe the Five Precepts and attend a sermon at the monastery. Groups and Institutions 1. Compare the 3 main schools Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. Theravada salutary in Sri Lanka, Thai overturn, Laos and Cambodia. Considered the original and more conservative school of Buddhism. Only recognizes Tripitaka, as scripture. Focuses on the teachings of Buddha, not Buddha himself.They rely on meditation and insight to attain nirvana. They believe that humans are individuals, the key virtue is wisdom, religions is for monks, the saint being is the Arhat, that Buddha is a saint, and prayer through meditation. Mahayana Pract iced in China, Vietnam, Korea, and Japan. A more liberal school, and see Buddha as a divine being. Emphasis on Bodhisattvas. They believe that humans are involved with others, that the key virtue is compassion, religion is also for lay people, the ideal being is Bodhisattva, Buddha is saviour, and prayer for request.Vajrayana Practiced in Tibet, Bhutan, and Nepal. Focuses on rituals, such as mantras, and material creations attached to Buddhism such as mandalas. Focuses on the Dalai Lama, who is their spiritual leader. 2 . Where is Zen practiced? What does it emphasize? What are koans? Zen in practiced in the Rinzai School, and the Soto school. Koans are riddles used to test students on their enlightenment. Unit 4 Western Religions Judaism and Christianity Judaism 1. Define Tanakh, Torah, and Talmud. What is the difference between these?Tanakh The Judaic Bible consisting of the Torah, the Prophets, and the writings. Torah Refers to the Law of Moses as well as the rest of the Hebraic Scriptures and the entire belief system of the Jewish faith. The word Torah is often translated as meaning law, but a more accurate translation is teaching or instruction. Talmud Rabbinic teachings derived from the Mishnah. It is the main source of Jewish teaching from the medieval period to the present. The Torah is the first five books of the Tanakh, the Hebrew bible. Know to Christians as the old testament.The Talmud is a collection of rabbinical commentaries on the Hebrew bible, Jewish history, and other such things. You can consider the Talmud to be an encyclopedia of commentary. 2. In a few points differentiate between the 4 main Jewish denominations. 1. Orthodox Judaism Orthodox Jews believe that God gave Moses the whole Torah (Written and Oral) at Mount Sinai. Orthodox Jews believe that the Torah contains 613 mitzvot (commandments) that are spinal column upon Jews. Modern Orthodox Jews strictly observe halakhah (Jewish Law), but still integrate into modern society.Ultra-Or thodox Jews, which includes Chasidic Jews, strictly observe Jewish laws and do not integrate into modern society by cover distinctively and living separately. 2. Conservative Judaism Conservative Judaism maintains that the ideas in the Torah come from God, but were transmitted by humans and contain a human component. Conservative Judaism generally accepts the binding nature of halakhah (Jewish Law), but believes that the Law should adapt, engrossing aspects of the predominant culture while remaining true to Judaisms values. 3. Reform JudaismReform Judaism believes that the Torah was written by different human sources, rather than by God, and then later combined. While Reform Judaism does not accept the binding nature of halakhah (Jewish Law), the movement does retain much of the values and ethics of Judaism as well as some of the practices and culture. Reconstructionist Judaism Reconstructionist believe that Judaism is an evolving religious civilization. In one way it is more li beral than Reform Judaism the movement does not believe in a personified deity that is active in history and does not believe that God chose the Jewish people.In another way Reconstructionist Judaism is less liberal than Reform Judaism Reconstructionist may observe Jewish Law, not because it is a binding Law from God, but because it is a valuable cultural remnant. 3. Explain the significance of the following people in the historical development of Judaism Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, the Rabbis. Abraham was instructed by God to move to a special land to raise a nation. God chose Abraham and promised to bless him and make him a great nation. The idea of Gods Covenant. During the time of Moses, Gods Covenant took on a new meaning.The Mosaic ties would have God provide His people with the Ten Commandments that would allow him to keep his Covenant. Moses came to Mount Horeb, called the mountain of God in the Book of Exodus. He encountered God through a burning bush. God revealed th at the cries of the Israelites had been heard and that they would be set free through Moses. (Passover). David scored a number of military victories over his enemies and eventually established Jerusalem as his capital city. Solomon built a temple that would serve as a centre of worship for the Jewish faith for the next millennium.Rabbi A Jewish scholar or teacher, especially of the Law, a person official as a Jewish religious leader. 4. What are Kashrut and Terafah? Kashrut The Jewish dietary Laws the active adherence to the rules of being Kosher. Terafah nonkosher not conforming to dietary laws. 5. Describe the Jewish rituals. What are some of the items used in Jewish rituals? Synagogue, Kiddush, minyan, yarmulke, tallis, tefillin, Shabbat, Rosh Hashannah, Yom kippur, Hanukkah, Pesach, Seder, chametz, Haggadah, circumcision. 6.Explain how both God and those of the Jewish faith uphold the Covenant. The idea of the Covenant is that the Jewish people are Gods people and part of His C ovenant. In turn they must do His will to be in His Covenant. 7. Explain Mitzvah, Barakhah, and Halakah. Mitzvah A commandment from God the act of performing a good deed. The most well-known mitzvoth are the Ten Commandments. Barakhah A blessing. Halakah The legal part of Talmudic literature, an interpretation of the laws of the Scriptures. 8. Explain Bar Mitzvah and what it means for a young Jewish boy.Bar Mitzvah The religious initiation ceremony of a Jewish boy who has reached the age of thirteen. This means they can now be a part of the Minyan. Christianity 1. Identify the importance of the following on the life of savior Christ and Christianity Augustus Caesar, Pontius Pilate, Pax romana, The Sanhedrin, Roman Tolerance, Constantine. Augustus Caesar was the emperor moth when Jesus was born. Pontius Pilate was the Roman Governor who ordered that Jesus be crucified. Pax Romana was a time when capital of Italy was very powerful and relatively peaceful, during which Christianity m ultiplied rapidly.The Sanhedrin The highest court of justice and the supreme council in ancient Jerusalem. The Roman empire had a tolerance for Christianity allowing it to spread during the times of the Pax Romana. Constantine was a Roman Emperor who reborn to Christianity. 2. Summarize the following Lent, Easter, Christmas, Epiphany, Ascension and Pentecost. Lent is a 40 day period of time, in which Christians give up something, symbolically representing how Jesus went into the desert for 40 days. Easter is the holiest Christian holiday, celebrating Jesus Resurrection.Christmas is the day celebrating Jesus birth. Epiphany, twelve days after Christmas, used to commemorate the revelation of Jesus as Gods son at the time of his baptism in the Jordan River. When the Holy spirit granted the apostles with spiritual gifts and abilities fifty days after Easter allowing them to go into Jerusalem and proclaim their faith enthusiastically. 3. Outline the fundamental beliefs of Christians as dodging in the Nicene Creed of 325 CE. They believe in one God, and that Jesus Christ is His son.That Jesus shall come again with glory to judge the living and the dead, the belief in the Holy Spirit, the catholic and apostolic church, and the credit of baptism for the forgiveness of sins. 4. Who wrote the Gospels of the New Testament? Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. 5. In what ways is the Catholic belief outwardsly uttered? Through the Pope, one of the most well-known religious leaders in the current world. It is not just based on ones own belief and faith, but also through ones actions and how they speak, proclaiming their faith, making it known through thought, word and action. . Identify the Sacraments of Christianity (i. e. Confirmation). Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist. 7. What was the Great Schism? What caused it? What was the result? The Great Schism was a split between the Eastern and Western Church, caused by mainly the accepted or rejection of the Pop and his authority, and the filioque cause, using and the Son at the end of the Nicene Creed, where as other groups believed that the Holy Spirit proceeds solely from the Holy Father, and not from the Son.This resulted in the two groups to separate and become their own denominations. 8. What was the Protestant reformation? Explain the difference between Catholicism and Protestanism. The Protestant Reformation was the reform of the western church in protest to its practices. Orthodox and Roman Churches had always focused on the importance of both faith and works, Protestantism is the belief of salvation through faith alone, which turned the belief inward, rather than focusing on outward sings.